A new Energy-Efficient TDMA-based MAC Protocol for Periodic Sensing Applications in Wireless Sensor Networks
Energy efficiency is a major requirement in wireless sensor networks. Media Access Control is one of the key areas where energy efficiency can be achieved by designing such MAC protocol that is tuned to the requirements of the sensor networks. Different applications have different requirements and a single MAC protocol cannot be optimal for all types of applications. In this paper we present a TDMA-based MAC (TDMAC) protocol which is specially designed for such applications that require periodic sensing of the sensor field. TDMAC organizes nodes into clusters. Nodes send their data to their cluster head (CH) and CHs forward it to the base station. CHs away from the base station use multi-hop communication by forwarding their data to CHs nearer than themselves to the base station. Both inter-cluster and intra-cluster communication is purely TDMA-based which effectively eliminates both inter-cluster as well as intra-cluster interference.
Keywords: energy efficient MAC, periodic sensing, TDMA-based MAC, clusters, multi-hop
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Shams Ur Rahman
Shams ur Rahman got his B.S Computer Systems Engineering from the University of Engineering and Technology in 2007 and MS in Computer System Engineering from Ghulam Ishaq Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi. He worked with GIKI as Computer Engineer before enrolling to the MS degree. Currently he is working as Research Associate (Lecturer) at GIK Institute.
Mushtaq Ahmad
Dr. Mushtaq Ahmad got his B.Sc degree in Physics, Pure Mathematics and Applied Mathematics from Islamia College Peshawar, Pakistan. He got his M.Sc in Nuclear Physics from the University of Dhaka in 1965 and Ph.D in Computer Architecture and Computer Arithmetic from Victoria University Manchester in 1971. He has vast professional experience. He worked with Bradley University, Peoria, IL, USA as Associate Professor, Computer Science Department: from August, 1986 to May, 1988. Later on he moved to Engine Division Engineering, Caterpillar Inc., Mossville, IL, USA and worked as Computer Consultant from June, 1989 to December, 1989. He worked with Illinois Central College, East Peoria, IL, USA, Mathematics Department, and taught Mathematics courses from March, 1990 to March, 1996. From April 1997 to January 1998 he worked with Caterpillar Logistics System, Peoria, IL, USA as Systems Analyst. From July, 1999 to June, 2001 he worked at Choice Point Direct, Peoria, IL USA as CS/ MIS consultant. He worked with Infogenic Systems Inc., Peoria, IL USA as CS/ MIS consultant/Project Management from March 2001 to June 2006. Currently he has been working as professor at GIK Institute since August 2007. He has supervised two Ph.D and a number of MS students.
Shafaat A. Bazaz
Dr. Shafat A. Bazaz got his B.S. from NED University of Engineering and Technology Karachi in 1989 M.S. from Université de Franche Comté, Besanc¸ France in 1994 Ph.D. in Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) from Institute National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) Toulouse, France in 1998. He worked in Technical University of Denmark (DTU) during 1999–2000 as Research Assistant Professor. There, he supervised CAD for MEMS project funded by Denmark Technical Research Council. From 2000 to 2006, he worked in CMC Mcirosystems in Canada as Senior Staff Scientist in Microsystem Engineering. His main responsibility was to provide design, fabrication and test services through fabless design manufacturing network to Canadian universities in the area of MEMS and Microfluidics. He served as a Visiting Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Canada from 2003-2006. In July 2006, he joined Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology as Foreign Professor under Higher Education of Pakistan’s (HEC) program of Foreign Faculty Hiring Program. He has received numerous research grants (total of Rs. 20 Millions) from HEC and National ICT Fund to establish research in the area of MEMS. Presently, he is heading the Department of Computing in CASE and his research group is involved in the development of MEMS based microgrippers for biomedical applications, micro gyroscope and 3-axis accelerometers.
Shams Ur Rahman
Shams ur Rahman got his B.S Computer Systems Engineering from the University of Engineering and Technology in 2007 and MS in Computer System Engineering from Ghulam Ishaq Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi. He worked with GIKI as Computer Engineer before enrolling to the MS degree. Currently he is working as Research Associate (Lecturer) at GIK Institute.
Mushtaq Ahmad
Dr. Mushtaq Ahmad got his B.Sc degree in Physics, Pure Mathematics and Applied Mathematics from Islamia College Peshawar, Pakistan. He got his M.Sc in Nuclear Physics from the University of Dhaka in 1965 and Ph.D in Computer Architecture and Computer Arithmetic from Victoria University Manchester in 1971. He has vast professional experience. He worked with Bradley University, Peoria, IL, USA as Associate Professor, Computer Science Department: from August, 1986 to May, 1988. Later on he moved to Engine Division Engineering, Caterpillar Inc., Mossville, IL, USA and worked as Computer Consultant from June, 1989 to December, 1989. He worked with Illinois Central College, East Peoria, IL, USA, Mathematics Department, and taught Mathematics courses from March, 1990 to March, 1996. From April 1997 to January 1998 he worked with Caterpillar Logistics System, Peoria, IL, USA as Systems Analyst. From July, 1999 to June, 2001 he worked at Choice Point Direct, Peoria, IL USA as CS/ MIS consultant. He worked with Infogenic Systems Inc., Peoria, IL USA as CS/ MIS consultant/Project Management from March 2001 to June 2006. Currently he has been working as professor at GIK Institute since August 2007. He has supervised two Ph.D and a number of MS students.
Shafaat A. Bazaz
Dr. Shafat A. Bazaz got his B.S. from NED University of Engineering and Technology Karachi in 1989 M.S. from Université de Franche Comté, Besanc¸ France in 1994 Ph.D. in Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) from Institute National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) Toulouse, France in 1998. He worked in Technical University of Denmark (DTU) during 1999–2000 as Research Assistant Professor. There, he supervised CAD for MEMS project funded by Denmark Technical Research Council. From 2000 to 2006, he worked in CMC Mcirosystems in Canada as Senior Staff Scientist in Microsystem Engineering. His main responsibility was to provide design, fabrication and test services through fabless design manufacturing network to Canadian universities in the area of MEMS and Microfluidics. He served as a Visiting Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Canada from 2003-2006. In July 2006, he joined Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology as Foreign Professor under Higher Education of Pakistan’s (HEC) program of Foreign Faculty Hiring Program. He has received numerous research grants (total of Rs. 20 Millions) from HEC and National ICT Fund to establish research in the area of MEMS. Presently, he is heading the Department of Computing in CASE and his research group is involved in the development of MEMS based microgrippers for biomedical applications, micro gyroscope and 3-axis accelerometers.
